English translation of this file
The Solar Water Economy
There is the natural
evolution of the earth's climate that results from the 3 movements of the earth
in relation to the sun. Movements that are described by astronomer Milutin Milankovic. There are also, superimposed on
the periods of natural glaciation and warming resulting from these movements,
the consequences of human behavior on our planet. It seems that we have taken
too long to realize the urgency of taking action on the energy transition. The
concern that emerges from a Good Planet article about the
current consequences of thegreenhouseeffect is justified. Current climate
change is evident in man's energy need. A need that it has mainly succeeded in
satisfying so far only with the burning of fossil fuels. Will the future
increase in temperature on Earth over time be a function close to exponential
function if we continue like this? In any case, the depletion of these
non-renewable resources is near and the need for homo sapiens for energy will
have to be ensured tomorrow. As a result, there is a need to act on the
heaviest energy consumption station, namely home heating. In this area, and
given the urgency to act, we cannot help but separate the new construction from
the existing one. We do not have the financial means to demolish everything and
rebuild everything to the new standards. In fact, how would we accommodate the
citizen during the transitional period. The reader caught up in the time can
read the conclusion at the end of
this endless page.
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The new American
presidency believes that the United States must lead by example in what to
do. She has also realized that if this fails, someone will take the place of
the United States. And this in two possible ways: either by succeeding and
serving US interests, or by failing with the global chaos that will follow.
Europe, which sees the arrival of this new presidency with confidence, has
every interest in working with its leader Kamala Harris, new
candidate in the American elections ahead of Donald Trump, says she wants “a
future in which all Americans breathe clean air, drink healthy water and have
access to a safe and affordable source of energy”. |
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Given the OECD's projected future economic growth
in the picture, the consequences of inaction can be daunting for our
environment. The degradation of our biodiversity mentioned by a living planet relationship is such that we will have
to act in the direction of consuming less and not always. The urgency will be
first to address the carbon share released by heating existing buildings
rather than by the grey energy consumed for the construction of new
buildings. This is for the simple reason that the existing building is the
potentially most important item that will allow us to rapidly reduce our need
for non-renewable fossil fuels. This is mainly thanks to the sun. We will
then have to focus our efforts on this grey energy of new construction, but there
is a time for everything. |
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To get out of what many
of us consider to be what could become the hell of globalwarming, homo sapiens will have
to as Nicolas Hulot advocated change scale. To do this, it will
havetomeet its needs of at least two new solar water economy chains. It is
mainly the sun, producing electricity through the voltaic, that will become the
master of the game of these two concepts of energy production. This is not about
making the planet "great again" but about making it livable. The
first of these two chains is the one providing heating or even air conditioning
of the habitat. The one that will use the specific heat of water and the
enthalpy of the bodies. It is this first "Solar Water Economy" that
homo sapiens will have to put in place as a priority to make the car and the
heating of the habitat less polluting and less energy-intensive. This is also
because he does not yet quantitatively master the second, that of hydrogen
described at the end of this page. The problem of the storage of electrical
energy resulting from the winter-summer intermittency of solar power
production. The result is that in winter insufficient solar production will
probably have to be combined with the storage capacity of some mountain OR
additional waste-burning power plants that would come voltaic and not nuclear
at the daily peak of electricity consumption. This is not even necessary for
wind turbines and turbines to be brought in.
A) The "Solar Water
Economy" of enthalpy
The figure below helps to
understand why soil-assisted water will outpace the air in terms of efficiency.
We need this efficiency because unfortunately we will not be able to insulate
existing buildings sufficiently. Otherwise we would have to demolish everything
for reconstruction without knowing where to relocate the inhabitants during the
works. This is true not only in France but probably in many European countries.
Even major metropolises elsewhere in the world
Figure 1 The COP of thermodynamic heating or what amounts to the
same performance depends on temperatures at the Tf and Hot Tc cold springs.
By definition the COP is equal to the thermal energy arriving
in the housing that divides the final energy needed to produce that thermal
energy. This with a performance coefficient COP - Tc / (Tc - Tf) formula well known to demonstration thermodynamicians.
.
This means that with the EAU and a temperature at the
cold sourceTf - 15oC and a temperature at the hot spring Tc - 45 oC one
can expect a COP slightly above10 (more precisely COP - 1 /
[1 - (273-15) / (273-45) = 10.6
This means that with the AIR and a temperature at the
cold source Tf - -10oC and a temperature at the hot spring Tc -
45 'C we can expect a COP slightly above 5 (more precisely COP1 /
[1 - (273-10) / (273-45) = 5.6
The performance curve above is the graphic transcription
of this formula. The value of exchanging renewable thermal energy on water
rather than air is measured here. This is because the amount of electrical
energy required to heat the habitat is about twice as low as with air at the
same temperature at the hot spring or what amounts to the same temperature in
the radiators Hydraulic
Figure 2 above is a summary of what you need to understand to
assimilate the "Solar Water Economy" of enthalpy. By combining deep
geothermal andsurfaceaquathermia
with the circuit of Figure 3 that follows we can envisage COPs of 8 for
district heating. This means that it is possible to perform this function by
consuming very little electrical energy. (About 1 for an amount of thermal
energy taken from the environment equal to COP -1 - 8 -1 -7
Figure 3 above shows that
the increase in temperatures in the Paris region both in terms of the water of
the Seine and in the ambient air are
now more favourable than a hundred years ago to an evolution of energy chains
to thermodynamic heating
It is ultimately thanks
to the high performance of aquathermal thermodynamic
heating resulting from the thermal supply of deep geothermal waters associated
with that of our rivers that we will become less gluttonous in non-energy to
heat the home. The voltaic roofs housing our buildings will not be able to
deliver enough electrical energy to perform this function. This is all the more
so since we must also consider the combined needs of the lighting of the
appliance and the family plug-in hybrid car. However, aided by solar power
plants on the outskirts of cities everything becomes possible. This is not
necessary (with exceptions) to demolish existing buildings and rebuild them in
order to meet standards as improvements in insulation are difficult to achieve
after the fact.
Given the essential
advantages of the "Solar Water
Economy" outlined in more detail in this prospective energy, the
thermal elves have long wondered why a
country of technology like ours has held so long away the new energy chains of
this "Solar Water Economy".
This is given its many advantages in the urban for collective heating of the
habitat and individual transport based on the small electric car. They were
finally able to explain this gap only through the oil lobbies and a belated
awareness by man of the possibilities of voltaic solar combined with a kind of
blindness of the political class. In reading the UN's information on this
global aid of nearly 500 billion euros to the production of petroleum products,
while we are talking about 100 billion euros in assistance to the countries
that are suffering the consequences, they said that that there was something
wrong with our financiers. Wouldn't it generally be better if the political
class got together before making decisions that generate bitter disappointments.
The high specific heat of
water associated with the enthalpy of matter as it moves from gas to liquid
allows significant thermal flows compatible with district heating to be
transmitted. The Golunps thought it necessary to explain to the executive that
there is no point in producing and consuming more fossil fuels to increase its
financial margins if, as the UN Secretary-General rightly points out, it is no
longer possible breathing in the city. They felt that it was also necessary to
explain to the couple formed by politics and financier how it is now
technically possible in the medium term to meet the thermal energy needs of
urban heating and those of mechanical energy of the individual transport into
the city without resorting to combustion.
This is all the more so since
in the age of global warming and its serious consequences for our immediate
future, the proposed new energy chain for heating homes tends to take thermal
energy from our environment, not to warm it up as the combustion does but cool
it. What's more, to do it thanks to aquathermia
with performance about twice as much as aerothermia and especially more
silently, the latter advantage being important in the city. They believe that
there is an urgent need to evolve into these new technologies to ensure individual
transport and collective district heating. This is by jointly establishing
infrastructure that mainly includes networks of non-potable water pipes in
buildings and the voltaic roofs housing them. This orientation, which
reconciles the social, the environment and the economy, would enable France to
comply with its Energy Transition and Green Growth Act (LTECV) as well as the
17 objectives of the United Nations. This is by creating jobs,
improving our living conditions and actually participating in climate mitigation.
This is possible if we realize that the thermal energy transmitted to cool our
rivers and geothermal water where possible is renewable thermal energy received
to heat urban habitat. Doing so by improving the current dependence of our
rivers on energy and bringing their ecosystem to life and also an important
factor for the user by lowering the price of the thermal kWh rendered in his
dwelling.
We are not talking about
questioning the usefulness of our large lake dams and their great reservoir set
up, which produce most of our hydroelectric electricity. On the other hand, it
is questionable to question the usefulness of all these dams "over the
water" without significant upstream retention given the randomness of
their low electricity production. It is legitimate to question the merits of
turning our salmon rivers into stairs in defiance of their ecosystem and
itinerant water tourism and then transformthe the small amount of electrical
energy they use. produce heat with the joule effect to heat the habitat. It
seems essential for the Elves to explain to the politician that it is stupid to
degrade so much a noble and expensive fluid like electricity to turn it into
heat with the joule effect given its COP of 1 and its deplorable performances.
This could be the same heat production in several French regions with a COP of
8, consuming eight times less electricity. This also means that other French regions
without geothermal water could take advantage of the presence of the river to
minimize the consumption of final energy, both electric and fossil.
It also seems essential according to the thermal lutins to explain to the
policy that as deplorable as the performance of the combustion and its
consequences for the air quality of our cities, the "hybrid heater"
has the advantage of being able to generalize the use of thermodynamic heating
complementary to combustion avoiding overloading the electrical grid at the
coldest of winter. This is by freeing us from our concerns about the freezing
point of water and by significantly reducing the amount of burnt gas emitted
into the atmosphere.
Figure 4 above
shows that it is possible to provide district heating by consuming much less
final energy by combining deep geothermal and surface aquathermia. See the following
figure to
understand how the plate exchanger housed
in the pumping station works and combines geothermal water with colder surface
water. For a temperature at the hot spring equal to 40 degrees Celsius (313
degrees Fahrenheit) for hydraulic heating floors and 15 degrees Celsius (288
degrees Fahrenheit) at the cold source, the theoretical thermodynamic
performance of the hybrid boiler room is excellent. COP - Tc / (Tc -Tf) - 313 / (313 - 288) -
12.5. The reader interested in understanding how to regulate flows on the two
networks, that of the deep geothermal water network and the superficial one in
connection with the seine according to the temperature of the seine can refer to
the following file .
When the temperature of the Seine is at 10oC it is still a power close
to 0.35 kW thermal that can be made available to each Parisian given the very
high average population density of our capital and the flow from the Seine of
1200 m3/h. This power sufficient to satisfy
everyone's need is due as much to the contribution of surface aquathermia as to that of geothermal water. In winter,
when the river temperature is close to the freezing temperature of the water,
no energy is taken from the river. The thermal supply of geothermal water and
combustion are then very useful to ensure the need without resorting to
excessive electricity consumption in the coldest of winter. This as described
in the way the hybrid boiler works.
The commune of Boulogne Billancourt in the Paris region seems particularly well suited
to such a heating network.
Just over
20,000 inhabitants/km2. However, it must be taken into account that this value
is steadily increasing and that the urban density of the most populous boroughs
of Paris such as the 11th or 20th is according to INSEE close to 40,000 Inhabitants. That said, the 12th and
16th arrondissements have appropriated
the Vincennes wood and the Boulogne wood respectively, which explains
their low urban density. Considering that a geothermal well that delets 200
m3/h of water at 50oC and pushes it back to 20oC needs, according to the BRGM,
an area close to 2 km2 to perform this function while living on this surface
80,000 inhabitants, geothermal energy , however powerful it may not meet our
energy needs. And this even if we consider the contribution of surface aquathermia which nevertheless provides half the power.
The total natural thermal power available of 1200 x 10 x 1.16 - 13,900 kW of an
urban heating network operating according to the principle of this figure is
indeed a power made available to each of the inhabitants of these two boroughs
0.17 kW or over a heating period of 5000 hours some 850 kWh. This value may be
close to the need for some 800 kWh per capita of the
"Mr. Everyone's Building" respecting the RT2012 and its 50 kWh per
square metre, but we have to realize the obvious, we pushed the cap a little
too far with the
RT 2005 authorizing for the effect joule losses greater than that of combustion. The past
mistakes of this regulation and the lack of seriousness with which we built the buildings
at the time will now be a problemfor us.
As for the
capacity of the Seine, the Marne and the Oise combined to ensure the need for
Paris and its suburbs, there is nothing to worry about. The need for 1200 m3/h or 0.33 m3/s per 20,000 inhabitants
is 183 m3/s for the 11
million inhabitants who people it. Flow well below the average flow of the
Seine in Paris plus that of the marl and the Oise. The two figures below give
an idea of France's energy potential
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Figure 54 The 13 French metropolises |
Figure 6 Surface and geothermal water |
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The PB of building
insulation Halving consumption by
insulation without demolishing everything will sometimes be possible, but
halving thermal losses from the average value of 250 kWh/m2 to the 50 kWh/m2
of RT 2012 is impossible, especially for buildings with balconies due to
thermal bridges. This is despite the addition of exterior insulation to a
building initially insulated from the interior. The discomfort caused by the
addition of interior insulation to the ceiling of the apartments (Figure 6
below) only solves a small part of the losses. Given the low energy gain due
to the fact that the slab is reinforced by an internal metal frame for safety
reasons means that the occupants are not ready for most to accept it. . |
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Figure 7 |
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Given the difficulty of isolating after-the-fact
the improvement in insulation was limited to 25% in the study below which
reduces the heating need in the same proportions. |
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The house and the
apartment
Figure 8 A
two-exposure apartment on the middle floors with tier edper neighbours is
subject to significantly lower energy consumption than a detached house of the
same living space. This is for equivalent loss coefficients(seeP144)and
buildings located in an equivalent temperature zone (see P278)
The observation is clear:
Parisians and
Bordeaux who are nevertheless favored because of the presence of
geothermal water in their basement will need the sun to satisfy their thermal need.
Especially if they decide to draw a line on the oil to ensure their respiratory
comfort and go in the direction of climate mitigation. A Bordeaux remark has begun in this direction.
Average
need for energy from the French city dweller
The reader interested not these subjects can also
refer to the text relating to the building of Mr All The World and the RT2012 .He can also learn about
thecalculations below made as part of a forward-looking statement corresponding
to a low-income French CITADIN. This in the context of a study gives a better
idea of what could become of the average energy need of the French citizen.
They are carried out as part of the summer-winter and day-night intermittency
of solar energy. This without particular effort on the insulation of existing
buildings. They do not correspond to the detached home of rural areas. This is
given the significantly larger loss areas of the individual house compared to
the apartment. (See Figure 7 above)
As part of the intermittency winter of the Voltaic
1) Thermal consumption due to loss (heating)
Taking as its basis an average
loss of 240 kWh/m2 unfortunately corresponding to the existing habitat poorly
insulated (See P 280) and even if it is
difficult to isolate after the fact we find that with an average living area of
22 m2 per equivalent to that of the voltaic panel, an annual need per city
dweller of 5280 kWh is reached. That's a daily average of 15 kWh (5280/365). We
also know that
- the power useful for heating is proportional to
the difference in temperature between the inside and the outside.
- the average T for the Paris region taken as an example during
the heating period is close to 10oC.
(See DJU page 139)
Let us now observe on these bases the approximate
evolution of the per capita thermal need over the seasons
In the coldest of winter
1 month with a 25°C DT (-5°C out 20°C in) the
daily need of 37.5 kWh (15 -25/10) being provided by geothermal-assisted gas.
It is in fact the hybrid boiler room that ensures the need for heating in the
coldest of winter without electricity consumption on the grid. This is in order
to relieve the latter in proportions that are far from negligible. See P 482
In winter
2 months with a 20°C DT (0° C out 20°C in) the daily
need of 30 kWh (15 - 20/10) being provided mainly by geothermal - the river
with possibly a small gas input the thermal flows of combustion and heating
thermodynamics adding up in the hybrid boiler room. This given the connection
of the CAP condenser on the radiator return circuit (See P 346)
Mid-season
6 months
with a 5°C DT (15°C out 20°C in) the daily need of 7.5 kWh (15
- 5/10) thermal being provided only by electricity without gas input thanks to
thermodynamic heating assisted by geothermal and river (see P 568)
In summer
For 3 months the heating is shut down as well as
the geothermal pumps (See P 570). The need for thermal energy is limited to the
supply of sanitary hot water, i.e. 50 litres/day
330-50 - 16.5 m3/year. That's 50 kWh/m3 50- 16.5 - 825 kWh.
With an installed capacity of the ENR supplement
roughly equal to half of the power used in the coldest of winter, the CAP
allows the hot water balloon to be loaded with energy at night in less than 3
hours (See P 404 ).
During the day it is
probably not unthinkable to design the circuit
Condensation
- relaxation - evaporation of the heat pump so that it provides air conditioning
for the accommodation at the hottest times of the day. This by adding a 4-way
valve on this circuit as indicated (P580) so that the functions of
the condenser and heat pump evaporator are inverted sending cold and not hot to
the building.
AUDIT on
the year
- 1 month 30.5 days at 37.5 kWh 1 143 kWh
combustion
- 3 months from 30.5 days to 30 kWh 2 745 kWh
required average power 0.31 kW
- 5 months from 30.5 days to 7.5 kWh 1 144 kWh
Total need heating 5,032 kWh including 4 026
thermal kWh from water heat pump and 1006 kWh electric
2) Thermal consumption due to hot sanitary water
Since it takes 1.16 kWh to raise 1m3 of water from
1oC, it takes 2.9 kWh to get 50 litres of hot water at 60oC (from cold water at
10oC). For the collective with the hot water loop this can double with the
losses in lines. We end up with a need of 5.8 kWh/day.
5.8 x 30.5 - 177 kWh coldest combustion of winter
5.8 x 30.5 x 11 - 1,945 kWh of which 1555 kWh
thermal by THE CAP and 389 kWh electric
3) Electric consumption of the hybrid car.
The average route of the Francilien in IDF with
its individual car is less than 10 km.
If we take for safety as a base 15 km/day in inhabited area we arrive at
a daily consumption limited to 2.25 kWh or significantly 740 kWh annually
excluding the month of August given the consumption often retained by car
manufacturers 0.150 kWh per km travelled (8 kWh battery for 50 km travelled in
electric mode). Unlike the heating of the habitat mentioned below, the need for
energy is noticeably constant in winter and summer. This with a daily winter
solar production corresponding to the need and excess in mid-season and summer.
4) Satisfaction of need through solar production
Given the sunshine in
France, the annual basic electricity production of voltaic solar panels is
close to 100 kWh/m2. This means that 25m2 of properly oriented voltaic panels
produce at least 2500 kWh annually with an average daily production of just under
7 kWh (2500/365).
The table below summarizes the situation by
comparing the annual requirements (thermal and electrical) with the electricity
production of solar panels
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Heat need kWh/year |
Electrical need kWh/year |
Solar electric
energy |
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Heating apartment |
5032 of which 4026 taken from
the water |
1006 |
Average annual
production of voltaic panels in the Paris region 110 kWh/m˛ 25 m˛ voltaic panels deliver 2
750 kWh annually |
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Hot sanitary water |
1,555 taken from water |
389 |
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Home appliances and lighting |
nothingness |
1000 |
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Plug-in hybrid car |
nothingness |
740 |
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Total electrical need per year: 3 395 kWh |
These extremely encouraging
results are illustrated by the figure below.
It is all the more
interesting because it is made without improving the insulation of the existing
habitat which would reduce the total
electrical need. Also by
the fact that the COP of efficient district heating systems such as the one
described in Figure 4 has a COP significantly higher
than the COP of 5 selected in this table (See Figure 1 above)
From the figure above, it
is important to encourage self-consumption of the red contour to reduce the
amount of energy needed to be stored. Voltaic production in the summer could
usefully be used to make hydrogen (See P 614)or recharge STEP. It
accounts for about 27% of the total energy need. Storage it for a few months
would be sufficient to heat the heating need of the current poorly insulated
dwellings without outside input other than solar
As part of the day-night intermittency
Because of the fact that
- the significant thermal time constant of the
system formed by the building and its boiler room when the walls and floors are
made of concrete (See P 156 as well as the previous
2 pages for understanding)
- the ability of water to store during the day and
thanks to the sun enough energy for the daily need for ECS,
The day night intermittency of solar electricity is a false problem
and will not be an obstacle to the development of the Solar Water Economy of enthalpy. This is because it
allows a mode of operation through the hybrid boiler room in which most of the
useful thermal energy comes from water. And this is that the hybrid boiler is
in combustion mode or enR mode.
CPCUG
network's ability to provide mid-season need
Given its surface area (2
km2) and the urban density of Paris and its near periphery, a geothermal
doublet associated with a generalized district heating network (G) as described
on page 552 of the book "The
Solar Water Economy with the a river" can deliver about 14,000 kW in
mid-season when the Seine is at 10oC. Given the available ground space of 50 m2
per city dweller, each of the 40,000 city dwellers (2,000,000/50) powered by
this CPCUG network can receive a thermal power of 14,000/40,000-0.35 kW
corresponding to a daily thermal energy of 8.4 kWh. slightly higher than the
need for 8 kWh. It is true, however, that with a COP of 6 the thermal need of 8
kWh is met by taking in environment 6, 67 kWh since the 1.33 kWh useful for the
operation of the compressor heat pump increases the power delivered by the
compressor heat pump. However, we observe that nature's ability to meet our
needs is there, but the surplus is not very large. If the elevation of existing
buildings were to increase in size in the city further reducing the area
available on the ground for all of us, thermodynamic heating with exchange on
the air could come to our rescue despite its Disadvantages. See P 87 . However, we could not
generalize it since in summer and in air conditioning mode this energy chain
still increases the temperature already well high in our cities.
5) Sizing voltaic power plants
It is observed from the above
estimates that in order to satisfy its energy needs without the use of nuclear
power, every city dweller must have a solar panel surface close to 25 m2. That
is, a surface corresponding to the average living area it has. We may be able
to equip some roof terraces, but we have to realize that this will not be
enough and that it will be necessary at a minimum in the current state of
technology to build voltaic power plants allowing each citizen to have 20 m2 of
Panels. If we consider the figure opposite and the 8 million Parisians living
in Paris intramural and its near periphery it is some 160 km2 (16,000 ha) of
land that will have to be made available to satisfy the need of every Parisian.
The city of Bordeaux with its 26-hectare voltaic power plant and 250,000
inhabitants has travelled only a small part of the road that separates it from
energy autonomy
6) Respect for ecosystems
Readers interested in
these concepts can refer to the following file
Reading it all of us
should understand that the river's current dependence on energy is not good
especially if the electrical energy produced by dams that affects the river
ecosystem is used as a heating supplement in the habitat of the cold-cold man.
With the "Solar
Water Economy of enthalpy" exchanging on water the rivers will come back
to life. This is given that the two ecosystems used jointly to supply
non-potable water to buildings under the SWE, namely that formed by the deep
captive tablecloth containing geothermal hot water and that formed by cold
water the river's surface are only slightly altered in relation to the
ecological and human catastrophe of hydroelectric dams. This is because there
is no physical exchange with mixture as happens with sanitary hot water but
only a thermal exchange. This thermal exchange is obtained in a countercurrent
plate exchanger in low-pressure circuits that do not present any risk. The
purpose of this circuit is:
- to increase the
temperature at the cold source of thermodynamic heating by 5oC to improve its
performance
- to increase the temperature drop in the heat pump evaporator in order to
reduce the flow in the ENP network and reduce its cost.
- to double the power
that can be taken from the environment in mid-season when the river is at 10oC.
This is because the power taken from geothermal water is added to that taken
from the river.
7) Economy
The relative share that will
be taken by each of the two main electricity generation streams, nuclear and
voltaic, is expected to be mainly the result of two factors.
- on the one hand their impact on the environment
- on the other hand the
truth of the costs of electrical energy returned to the user
The truth
of the costs for nuclear power is to include in the sale price of electricity the following
costs:
1) the storage of radioactive waste,
2) the dismantling of power plants at the end of
their life in order to restore nature to the same way by avoiding France's
garbage
3) the one relating to the construction of the new
reactors by examining the ratio of energy produced to grey energy
4) the costs involved in maintaining their
maintenance.
The truth
of the costs for the voltaic will be to include
- posts 2) 3) and 4) above
- to add to the selling price of electricity
resulting from 2) 3) and 4) the cost of storage and destocking to solve the
winter-summer intermittency of voltaic electricity.
A table attempting to establish this comparison is being
prepared
Regarding
nuclear power: the cost
of dismantling a reactor would be less
than 1/2 billion euros according to EDF. Bure recycling is impossible
They are high because of safety which explains the selling price of the
nuclear-sourced electric kWh.
The reportgrey energy/ energy produced is most certainly bad
On the voltaic:
The recycling of voltaic panels is possible which is not the case for nuclear
power plants
The cost of storing/destocking electrical energy (4 to 20 cts per kWh
according to Mr Percebois)depending on whether it is
the cost of STEP or hydrogen with water hydrolysis and the battery fuels the
storage of electricity with batteries being currently more expensive 0.30
euros/kWh
The grey energy/energy share produced
The cost price of the electric kWh of voltaic origin
The search for the truth
is complex, but it is only after carrying out this comparison establishing
these respective costs free from lobbies that it will be clearer about the
relative share that will be taken by each of these two production systems.
8) The move to action?
Led by the UN, the OECD,
and its people, Paris, which aims to be the leader of the energy transition
following the Paris climate conference at the end of 2015, set the Act on
Energy Transition and Green Growth ( LTECV)
It is now about to
establish a new text as part of the multi-year energy programming
In addition to this work,
European directives on energy efficiency have taken place. The text of these
guidelines 2018/844/EU is available in the official newspaper of 9 July 2018
(Link). It proves for the most part that Europe is realising that we will have
to act and renovate the European housing stock, but unfortunately without
specifying that they will be the main outlines of this action. It only
specifies that the aim will be to accelerate the rate of renovation of
buildings through the introduction of more efficient systems and the
introduction of more "smart" buildings. This without specifying how.
It leaves in practice the
owner who will find himself by the force of the things at the origin of the
investment imagine and propose the directions that will meet our energy needs
by using energy chains better than those currently used.
The directive also refers
to the "obligation" for member states to establish long-term
strategies for energy retrofits of buildings for residential or non-residential
use.
This is with the
ambitious target of reducing building emissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to
1990 but without specifying the nature of the strategy that should be used to
achieve this. This is by proposing to check the roadmap in 2030 and 2040. The
executive body controls the finished work somehow.
The text that evokes a
RENTABLE renovation of the buildings nevertheless makes a good forward on paper
although this aspect of things has already been mentioned during the
environmental grenelle. See P 548
|
In any case, it is clear that nothing will
happen without a climate of trust to understand that this profitability as
well as the initial investments must be distributed equitably between the two
parties concerned with support Financial: - 1 From the hybrid boiler system
associated with the hot spring by the syndicate of co-owners with account management by the trustee. This is
by encouraging the owner to invest with a socially oriented tax policy. (SeeP597-598to understand whether
the previous state ace is gas or joule effect). The concept of compliance with a performance contract is beginning to be put
in place to help the owner get an idea of the financial arrangement of the
transaction. - 2 From the non-potable water
supply network of buildings by the state in collaboration with the municipalities.
For reasons of fairness and in order to simplify the accounting aspect, the
network // as defined in Figure 3 above would be preferentially retained to the
serial network as represented at P 558. In favour of Mrs
Mitterrand, the distribution of non-potable water would be considered free
and the subject of a public service mission (See the Foresight on the4th Industrial Revolution P 306). The maintenance costs
of this network would initially be borne by the state and charged to
condominiums in proportion to the number of lots. The quality and nature of
the materials used for these pipes would be left to the discretion of an
independent ASN-type body. See appendix sizing assistance |
|
After a long torpor that could be likened to
that of the frog of Al Gore, Nicolas Hulot during his tenure and more
recently our new Minister of Ecology with the heat pump at 1 degrees have just realized all the benefits of the thermodynamic
heating. See also the image opposite. We'll see what happens next to these
announcements. This, given that the fundamental reason for Nicolas Hulot's
resignation is the analysis made by the executive seems to be the financial
analysis of the executive which initially granted aid to the ENRlimited to 10
billion euros. A sum most likely insufficient to pay for the infrastructure.
This while the savings on primary energy purchases are about 5 times higher
with the hybrid boiler room. (See to convince the P550and608) |
|
|
Important nota A heat pump with a modest COP of 3 is a 70% reduced heating rating. This while with the CPCUG network at 15oC of the type // of Figure 3 above it is a COP of 6 insured as shown in Figure 1 and a heating score still twice as low. It is known that the
heating station is the heaviest in condominiums (P358). Homo sapiens does not ask the state to pay for the heating of the
French! but to think about the infrastructure that will one day have to be
put in place to ensure the supply of non-potable water to buildings. This
allows the implementation of performance contracts related to the yellow coal of the river combined with that of geothermal water. The syndicate of co-owners could, when the
basement of the buildings lends itself to the hybrid boiler room, finance a
particularly compact ENR supplement installed near the boilers. See yellow
rectangle P346.This is with a regulation supplement to ensure the operation of the CAP
in boiler relief. This orientation by improving the power ofachaf
to the best of our environment could be a solution to soothe the "yellow
vests" and the current social conflicts. To understand this see P73. Our leaders are finally beginning to realize
that it is possible with thermodynamic heating to reduce final energy
consumption without harming the country's economy. This having the advantage
by lowering heating loads to improve purchasing power as well as the social climate this through insulation and heating to 1 .To get to the end of these
developments we can only take into account the improvement in performance
induced by CPCUG networks at 15oC of the type // .This is all the more so
because of this rapid urbanization, the vast majority of our citizens will
live in the city in the
short term. |
|
One might think that each
party can find its account but the texts give no idea of the method to be used
to obtain this result.
See on this the proposal to encourage
nRIs in
the form of a synthesis that is made in the book "The Solar Water Economy
with the River. In any case, the fact that this directive is asked to take into
account the use of electric vehicles is in itself a salutary awareness for the
air of our cities. Some will say that France at the forefront with gusts, TGV,
space shuttles, airbuses and super-powered wind
turbines can't be better everywhere. It is a pity, however, for our lungs and our
end-of-months that a strong impulse from the executive still does not encourage
French manufacturers to develop hybrid systems. This is the boiler room or Mr everyone's individual car
As for the fact that
these guidelines recommend taking into account the key moments in the life of
the building we note that the building mentioned in
the book on the "Solar Water Economy" and subject of the
"practical case" is 50 years since it was built in 1968. What is the
strength of age in some way for homo sapiens could be considered the very first
youth for this concrete building with a life expectancy spanning several
generations. On closer inspection, it is clear that this is not the case and
that its miles of steel pipes are rather the advanced age of your servant.
In any event, this should
not be a further drag on the energy transition. Given the urgency of taking
action and moving on to concrete things, it is time to consider that reflection
is about to be last to us. To reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, the
current trend of increasing their prices should be the right one. This is
provided that the increase is gradual and slower than it is now and that it is
compensated for social reasons by a decrease in the selling price of
electricity to the consumer. This
reduction in the price of electricity should logically be made possible by the
abandonment of nuclear power and the arrival of solar energy much simpler with
regard to the implementation and eventual recycling of end-of-life panels. It
is also important to note that by balancing the prices of electric and
combustion kWh, the owner is financially encouraged to take the step towards the ENR.
As for the financing of the
infrastructure needed to set up the "Solar Water Economy with the
River" network, which consists mainly of geothermal works, pumping plants
composed of a set of flow-pumping variable and plate exchanges as well as
piping networks, it would be time to realize that for equity reasons the
internal combustion engine and the building cannot be the only cash cows in the
energy transition. The aircraft, through the play of a tax on kerosene
currently non-existent, must also
participate in this transition in terms of financing this infrastructure. We
must also realize that this transition, which will combine the installation of
solar power plants and that of pipe networks, can only be done slowly. This is
not because of the time it takes to set up low solar power plants compared to
nuclear power plants, but because of the decisions that will have to be made
for the location of the pumping plants, as well as for the design // or series
as well than the route of the non-potable water pipe network (passing collectors
into existing sewers or drilling deeper links). These choices should also
include the calculation of the diameter of the pipes that make up the network,
the nature of the materials used excluding steel (an essential parameter for
durability). All of this will also take the time that will be necessary for the
regions and municipalities to make their funding plans and realize that their
interest is to act in this direction. On the occasion of the construction of
offices and housing that will finally be set up on Seguin Island, the municipality of
Boulogne Billancourt could with a first doublet SP1 show the example of what
could be a generalization of the urban heating in the city.
Notas
The above calculations
from 1) to 5) are made with average
values located at mid-distance between the poor person who owns only a conventional
bike for his travels and lives in a small studio of 12 m2, and the rich who
owns an all-electric Tesla car with 250 hp or two that lives in a 400 m2 suite.
What is important to note is that rich or poor, we are on the same ship. A ship adrift by the fact that every
city dweller living in the Paris region has only 50 m2 on the ground outside
its living area to move around the city. This is given the urban density of
20,000 inhabitants per sq km.
According to Engie and in
2008, 1 kWc of solar panels delivering about 900 kWh annually in good
conditions cost 4,000 euros or roughly 444 euros/m2. Today, CAD 10 years later the prices would be
divided by 3 amounting to about 150 euros/m2.
A price 50% higher than
that of Cestas set below:
The Voltaic power plant
in Cestas de Bordeaux, which produces 300 GWh annually, cost 300 million euros.
Since 300 GWh is 300,000,000 kWh, it produces 1 kWh per year for 1 euro
invested initially. With a user-price d'is 0.1 per kWh, it is depreciated in 10
years. This with a lifespan that can be estimated at 20 years. A production of
300,000,000 kWh at a rate of 100 kWh/m2 is an area of solar panels equal to
3,000,000 m2 (300 ha) or 100 euros/m2. The investment for a Parisian wishing to
have his energy autonomy thanks to the sun with 22 m2 of voltaic panels is
therefore 2200 euros. Significantly what
he spends annually on gasoline by travelling 20,000 km a year.
But if metropolitan France tends
like all the countries of the world to clump together in cities (see P 64),it is also one of the
least populated countries in Europe. With an area of 550,000 km2 for 66 million
French, 8300 square meters of land are available for all of us. This with a
ground hold of solar panels located on the outskirts of large metropolises which
represents only 0.3% leaving nature the opportunity to express itself freely on
the remaining 99.7%. This is even even taking advantage of the fact that the
sun and water can go hand in hand to help the agricultural world protect itself
from the elements in the event of a delicate crop. For example, collecting rainwater for automatic watering and
growing under solar panels.
B) The "Solar Water Economy" and the hydrogen
engine
The "Solar
Water Economy" is also the fuel cell that can produce both electricity and thermal energy.A French application of this second energy chainSWEtotally different from the thermodynamic
heating based on the enthalpy that has just been mentioned is the gigantic
catamaranEnergy observewhich will
leave for 6 years to do its whole of the world during 2017 by ensuring the
energy needs of the crew without the contribution of fossil fuels. This is
based on an energy chain that mainly uses the electricity generated by its 130
m2 of solar panels to produce hydrogen by catalysising seawater by hydrolysis
after desalinating it. The purpose of this hydrogen-oxygen separation from
water (H2O) is to use hydrogen as fuel for the catamaran's engine when the wind
is lacking. Thefuel cell also provides the production of sanitary hot water for the needs of
the crew.
|
The world's first fleet of hydrogen taxis named Hype was launched during the
signing of the Paris Climate Agreements by the Paris Electric Taxi Company
(STEP) an abbreviation that has nothing to do
with energy storage Electric Grandmaisonstyle.
Two years later, the fleet consists of 75 vehicles. These
hydrogen taxi cars built by Toyota and Korean manufacturer
Hyundai recharge
in 3 to 5 minutes and have a range of more than 500 km. This by not emitting
any local pollutants(NOx,..), no CO2, no
noise, only ... water!.
The company aims to target 200 vehicles by the end of 2018 and 600 by the end
of 2020. Oxygen breath for Hype: two hydrogen distribution
stations will be built in the coming months at Roissy and Orly airports by
liquid air.
|
|
|
At first, however, it is likely that two
technologies will develop in parallel for electric cars: the plug-in hybrid car and the hydrogen car.The availability of rare components such as lithium
needed to make batteries useful forplug-in hybrid carshould not be a hindrance and should make the fortunes
of countries like Bolivia. One can, however, guess the one
that may well prevail in the long run. Whatever happens we will have to ignore the
nostalgia that could invade us by looking at the past and the prestigious
achievements with explosion engines such as that of Bugatti in Alsace. |
|
|
The orientation towards
hydrogen and the fuel cell seems to be a valid orientation for stationary and
habitat heating. This is to compensate for the winter-summer intermittency of
the solar and the randomness of the electricity provided by the wind turbines.
To the extent that it generates both electricity and heat the fuel cell could
help ensure the energy needs of our cities in winter. The performance of the
hydrogen engine would thus be improved by the fact that 40% of the energy
contained in the hydrogen apparently dissipated in heat would not be lost as
is the case when the hydrogen engine is used for transport. The fuel cell
when used in a stationary for home heating would further improve the already
excellent performance of the
"Solar Water Economy of enthalpy".As far as home heating is concerned Ademeperhaps should not validate
the combustion by making sure not to link too much with a gas supplierparticular. This is especially so if the focus is
on mixing hydrogen with natural gas full-time. |
|
C) The
complementarity of hydrogen and enthalpy
The "Solar WATER Economy of enthalpy"
is a modern and efficient energy chain that should make it possible to generalize urban heating in the city without resorting to nuclear power and minimizing the combustion. This by taking
care of the problem posed by the intermittency summer-winter of the voltaic. It
will not be able to do it on its own, but it seems possible if it is assisted
by the "Solar WATER Economy of
Hydrogen". The reason for this
success will be mainly we have just seen the improved performance of
thermodynamics when the exchanges are on the water rather than on the air as
shown in Figure 1 above. The reason for moving in this direction is
motivated by the fact that due to the higher cold water source temperatures
this chain is significantly twice as efficient as the "Solar Air Economy of enthalpy". Indeed, it is observed on this figure that the performance of the "Solar Water Economy of enthalpy" improves significantly when the water temperature
at the entrance of the evaporator increases. This increase in temperature at
the cold source is ensured by the deep geothermal energy of captive mats and plate temperature exchangers. That said, given the very important thermal
exchange capabilities of this type of interchange (see page 100 of the next file) it could also be ensured by using
the heat generated by the fuel cell associated with the "Solar WATER Economy of Hydrogen".
As we see, water
occupies a central position and may well play an essential role in ensuring the
satisfaction of the heaviest position, that of heating the habitat. This is due
to improved thermodynamic performance resulting from an increase in temperature
at the cold source. This is the main reason why this fluid, whether salty or
not, should be on track to win in front of
the air to ensure the need associated with the supply of heat. Other
complementary reasons are also important to explain this future victory of
water over air. This is particularly true if we observe that the supply of air
conditioning delivered by the thermodynamic air cap in both summer and winter can have serious
consequences on our thermal future if it were to become widespread. Many
organizations rightly condemn the fact that in the summer, the thermodynamic air air device that pulses fresh air into the
dwellings mainly receives its thermal energy by heating up a little more more
ambient air outside already very hot buildings, in practice aggravating global
warming in the city. It must also be noted that, in addition to the reproaches
it receives in the summer, its behaviour in winter is also not immune from reproach.
This is because if the ambient air is at -5oC it can be air at -15oC coming out
of the evaporator with two adverse effects: on the one hand the effect of
cooling the ambient air around the buildings and increasing its thermal losses
and on the other hand limiting the performance coefficient (COP)
as mentioned in Figure 1. In the "Solar WATER Economy" water and
its components occupy a central position. This is by greatly limiting air
pollution in cities and avoiding overheating caused by the "Solar AIR Economy of enthalpy" in summer. All these
considerations make it in our interest to take a serious look at these
subjects, which are of extreme importance for his energy future.
Regarding the
intermittency of renewable energies, we must realize the obvious: although we
can count on wind energy since the wind blows a little at night and also rely
on hydraulic STEPS like that of Grandmaison to compensate Intermittency
day-night voltaic, we will need larger storage devices to solve the problem of
storage of electrical energy at the scale of the summer-winter intermittency of
voltaic solar. It is clear from this that the two energy chains that can come
to the rescue of wind, STEP and voltaic solar given their randomness are
1 The direct chain "Voltaique - battery - electric
motor" for transport
2 The "Solar WATER Hydrogen Economy" for
stationary and home heating. An energy chain that
could also be written
"Voltaic
water electrolysis - compression - hydrogen fuel cell - electric motor -
heat"
The reasons that
could promote hydrogen and water electrolysis are:
-
for direct chain 1 the fact that the
storage potential of electrical energy per unit of mass hydrogen (33 kWh/kg) is
almost 3 times greater than that of gasoline (12 kWh/kg). This aspect of things
is especially interesting for mobility without being decisive for the
stationary.
-
The Lower Calorific Power of Hydrogen close
to 120,000 kilojoule/kg (3600 kilojoules in a kWh) which should make the
storage of energy in large quantities acceptable. This can help with the storage of useful
electrical energy in the "Solar Water Economy of enthalpy" due to the storage potential of electrical energy
per large mass unit of hydrogen. The fuel cell generating both electrical
current and heat, it will also be necessary when comparing these two energy
chains 1 and 2) take into account that the latter can be used to raise the
temperature at the cold source of the"Solar
Water Economy of Enthalpy"to improve its performance. We could thus
assist the deep geothermal energy of the captive slicks which, as we now know
and despite the silence of the BRGM, is limited in power and does not allow
quantitatively to generalize urban heating in our metropolises despite the
thermal potential of the river and its free water table.
However, the characteristics of this fluid, whether in the gasorous or liquid state, which
is, it must be recognized, must be more difficult to stoker than oil.
Given the serious
consequences of global warming and air pollution in cities, we should have already, given the urgency
of taking action, to develop more applications related to the Solar Water Economy enthalpy." This is
because it reduces the release of burnt gasintos into the atmosphere and
significantly limits the amount of fossil products imported into Europe. It
will become urgent to launch investments financing the infrastructure
associated with this energy chain (mainly piping) as well as research. Research
that should probably focus on improving channel 2 performance associated with
water electrolysis. This especially upstream of this chain since it is only
about 20% of the solar energy that reaches the earth that is currently
converted into electrical energy with voltaic
Applications
1 As part of
the direct chain "Voltaique - battery – electric engine" a giant battery composed of 80 modules of
3.6 tons each built by the Japanese firm NGK-Locke was established in Texas in
the small town of Presidio. This 4 MW sodium
battery is capable of running for 8 hours (32,000 kWh
288,000 kg 9kg per kWh)
In a joint
production combining the "Voltaique- electric motor" direct chain
and the "Solar WATER Economy of
hydrogen", thehydrogen company hydrogen de France (HDF
Energy) has announced a major innovation. Namely the launch of an electric
energy storage called CEOG that could revolutionize the energy sector and open
a new energy era. This is because this CEOG includes a 55 MW photovoltaic fleet
and has the largest mixed storage device for renewable electricity in the
world. Mixed by the fact that the device capable of storing 140 MWh combines
hydrogen and additional storage by batteries. The CEOG investment of 90 million
euros, carried by HDF and the banks, meets a critical need for energy
production and storage that will generate reliable energy for 20 years at a
lower cost than the current one, without subsidies. The 140 MWh electric
voltaic energy produced annually upstream of this CEOG by this Guyanese terrain
corresponds to an improvement of some 40% compared to the average performance
on the hexagon. This is given the 140 kWh issued annually per sq m by this 100
ha plot (equivalent to one million m2) while it is on average only 100 on the
hexagon. The storage capacity of these 2 chains 1) and 2) combined would
be excellent and able to take into account the 140,000 kWh generated by the
voltaic for a total amount of 90 million euros. It remains to be seen how much
electricity and heat this system can restore from hydrogen made by
electrolysis. Failing to answer this question the figure on page 612
"highlights that significantly 70% of the need outside industry and
agriculture can be met by self-consumption. It is therefore necessary that the
storage device be able to meet the remaining 30% close to an individual
electricity requirement of 1300 kWh. On this basis, a considerable and
close individual expenditure of 800,000 euros per individual
(90,000,000/140,000) x 1300) is required. This expenditure would be increased by
the amount of infrastructure of the "Solar
WATER Economy de l'enthalpie" and which could only be financed by
taxation on petroleum products while there is still time. This is true knowing
that as Barenton said confectioner that the initial investment is to be made
only once when the use is every year.
The Incas
were right to say that the sun is our master. It only needs water to meet most
of our energy needs. This is by taking advantage of its specific heat or the
hydrogen it contains. It remains to convince the political class that an energy transition can only
benefit from these orientations.The spokesman for the Thermal Elves tried to convince Batiactu and Goodplanet the merits of the latter.
It would seem through what is happening at the Montparnasse Tower in the 14th arrondissement of Paris that he has not
managed to convince. It's a shame.
Appendix
(assistance in sizing the
non-potable water supply network of buildings)
|
Maximum flow from the non-potable water system pumping station 1200 m3/h |
|
Conclusion
Thermal elves hope
that this will not frustrate the executive to observe that the main reason for
the deployment of solar renewable solar energy of photovoltaic origin is more related to their low
price to a multi-year energy programme or a decision by the head of state.This explains why solar
energy would see its production increase fivefold by 2030, while it would only
triple by that time for wind power.
|
It is indeed necessary, as Nicolas
Hulot has proposed, to change scale but not by choosing among
theso-called free energies that can be used by man, which is at the bottom of
the list in order of decreasing importance of potentiality.. Even if the walking
factor is improved with this gigantic Wind turbine General Electric- Alsthom we can only regret in
the long term to have decided to enlarge the wind turbine beyond
reasonable. Putting solar and wind in
the same basket to compare the prices of the electric kWh returned to the
user in the different European countries is not to do a service to 'the one
who pays'. |
|
Thermal elves also
observe that it is illusory to hope to design in a few years a new concept of a
more economical and safer nuclear power plant (See Batiactu). The US that tried with
thorium and molten salts failed and nuclear fusion with ITER is not for tomorrow.
They are convinced that research on the storage and self-consumption of
electrical energy will have to be developed instead. This is in order to
consume electrical energy more intelligently for heating and avoid the always.Thermal elves are in solidarity with the « Yellow jackets." Only of course with non-breakers.
They feel that to get out of the mess we have gradually sunk into, we will have
to reduce the painful end of the month. To do this we will have to consider
that homo sapiens, the client, is most often "the customer who pays".
Our president has
come out of his reserve to follow up on the "Yellow Jackets"
movement. Not long ago, his government considered nuclear power to be a
"low-cost energy". In this case the thermal elves would like to know
why it is sold to the citizen 3 times the price of fossil energy gas for
heating the habitat. This is contrary to the social aspect since many citizens
in need, heated by a collective gas type boiler, complain of temperatures too
low and currently have no alternative to heating than to use a heating
supplement with electric radiators with a COP of 1. This with a price of the
thermal kWh at 15 cts instead of 5 cts and, aggravating factor, by overloading
the electricity grid at the coldest of winter. While waiting for a balance in
the selling prices of electricity and gas at 10 cts, the hybrid boiler
unfortunately emerges from this bad step since it heats the habitat with the
coldest gas of winter. What's more by leaving electricity for the needs of
the plug-in hybrid car. We must salute the courage of the president of ADEME
who explains in the newspaper Le Figaro of 11 December 2018 about our energy
transition that according to a study by his agency, the relaunch of a nuclear
programme, including EPR, is not necessary for replace existing power plants.
This is based on the view that this is not only a climate advance but a gain
for the household portfolio since the price of the electricity kWh of
electricity produced with this scenario would be close to 90 euros per MWh (9 cts ofkWh). This study estimates that in
less than half a century, as early as 2050, almost all of the electricity
generated in France will be "green" electricity sufficient to meet
the need. It also states that by engaging now in this scenario, we will be able
to envisage our nuclear-free future when the current fleet of nuclear power
plants turns 60, that is, tomorrow. Asked whether the intermittency of green electricity could be a hindrance to this scenario, his answer is
clear: NO. This is despite the addition of the Multi-Year Energy Programming(MEP). There is an urgent need to
change the current energy chains using non-renewable energy, if only to take
into account the fact that they are not inexhaustible. It remains to be hoped
to avoid the worst, that everything will be done to ensure that the ADEME
scenario takes place. The OECD Secretary-General has already spoken in his
observer No 311Q3 in 2017 about our immediate future: "We are now facing an expected moment that requires the
establishment of our foundations. A decisive moment that will require remedies
rather than palliatives. This is in the context of actions based on audacity
and innovation to create together a just and prosperous future for all" Europe, which is currently well behind, has every interest in being one of
those who set an example for this what needs to be done
|
Oil |
gas |
coal |
Atom |
Enr |
dependency |
|
|
Germany |
35 |
22 |
24 |
11 |
9 |
60,9 % |
|
Belgium |
41 |
25 |
7 |
20 |
4 |
79,5% |
|
Denmark |
41 |
21 |
20 |
18 |
22,3% |
|
|
Spain |
48 |
25 |
10 |
11 |
8 |
81,4% |
|
Finland |
30 |
11 |
14 |
16 |
25 |
55% |
|
France |
33 |
15 |
5 |
41 |
7 |
51,2% |
|
Hungary |
27 |
39 |
11 |
14 |
6 |
63,7% |
|
Italy |
43 |
38 |
9 |
8 |
85,4% |
|
|
Netherlands |
42 |
42 |
10 |
1 |
4 |
34,6% |
|
Poland |
26 |
13 |
56 |
6 |
30,4% |
|
|
Portugal |
52 |
17 |
10 |
18 |
83% |
|
|
Czechoslovakia |
22 |
16 |
44 |
15 |
5 |
27,6% |
|
United Kingdom |
36 |
39 |
16 |
6 |
3 |
26,1% |
|
Sweden |
29 |
2 |
5 |
33 |
32 |
38% |
|
Eu27 |
36 |
24 |
17 |
13 |
8 |
54,8% |
|
Energy balance of the
main European countries (expressed as a % of primary
energy consumption) Source Eurostat 2010 The column on the right shows
the degree of dependence of the country concerned See the following
file for the French distribution by activity chain |
||||||
I can't see myself at
83 taking legal action against the executive for carelessness with respect to
home heating. Yet we know what we need to do to ensure our thermal comfort by
abandoning energy chains of another age. This is in line with climate mitigation,
not its aggravation. I hope to finally be heard on this subject in a
presentation I intend to make at the beginning of 2020 at the IESF. Idf
Jean Grossmann aka Balendard September 2019
See the following figures or hit in Google the two
words
balendard batiactu orbalendardhulot to get an idea of
the continuity of motivations that drives the
signatory