The Solar Water Economy
There is the natural
evolution of the earth's climate that results from the 3 movements of the earth
in relation to the sun. Movements that are described by astronomer Milutin Milankovic. There are also,
superimposed on the periods of natural glaciation and warming resulting from
these movements, the consequences of human behavior on our planet. It seems
that we have taken too long to realize the urgency of taking action on the
energy transition. The concern that emerges from a Goodplanet
article about the current consequences of the green house
effect is justified. Current climate
change is evident in man's energy need. A need that it has mainly succeeded in
satisfying so far only with the burning of fossil fuels. Will the future
increase in temperature on earth over time be a function close to the
exponential function if we continue in this way? In any case, the exhaustion of
these non-renewable resources is near and the need for homo sapiens for energy
will have to be ensured tomorrow. As a result, there is a need to act on the
heaviest energy consumption station, namely home heating. In this area, and given
the urgency to act, we cannot help but separate the new construction from the
existing one. We do not have the financial means to demolish everything and
rebuild everything to the new standards. In fact, how would we accommodate the
citizen during the transitional period. The reader taken by time can read the conclusion at the end of this page.
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Given the OECD's projected future economic
growth in the picture, the consequences of inaction can be daunting for our
environment. The degradation of our biodiversity mentioned by a living planet
relationship is such that we will have to act in the direction of
consuming less and not more and more. The urgency will be in
the first step to address the carbon share released by heating existing
buildings rather than by the grey energy consumed for the construction of new
buildings. This is for the simple reason that the existing building is the
potentially most important item that will allow us to rapidly reduce our need
for non-renewable fossil fuels. This is mainly thanks to the sun. We will
then have to focus our efforts on this grey energy of new construction, but there
is a time for everything. |
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To get out of what many
of us consider to be what could become the hell of global warming, homo sapiens
will have to as Nicolas Hulot advocated change scale. To do this, it will
havetomeet its needs of at least two newenergy plants of the"Solar Water
Economy" type. It is mainly the sun, producing electricity through the
voltaic, that will become the master of the game of these two concepts of
energy production. This is not about making the planet "great again"
but about making it more livable. The first of these two chains is the one providing heating or even air conditioning of the
habitat. The one that will use the specific heat of water and the enthalpy of
the bodies. It is this first "Solar Water Economy" that homo
sapiens will have to put in place as a priority to make the car and the heating
of the habitat less polluting and less energy-intensive. This is also because
he does not yet completely master the second, that of hydrogen
described at the end of this page. The problem of the storage of electrical energy
resulting from the winter-summer intermittency of solar power production. The
result is that in winter insufficient solar production will probably have to be
combined with the storage capacity of a few mountain STEP additional
waste-burning power plants that will would come to the rescue of the voltaic
and not the nuclear during the daily electricity consumption peaks. This is not
even necessary for wind turbines and turbines to be brought in.
A) The "Solar Water
Economy" of enthalpy
The figure below helps to
understand why soil-assisted water will outpace the air in terms of efficiency.
We need this efficiency because unfortunately we will not be able toinsulate
existing buildings sufficiently. Otherwise we would have to demolish everything
for reconstruction without knowing where to relocate the inhabitants during the
works. This is true not only in France but probably in many European countries.
Even major metropolises elsewhere in the world
Figure 1 The COP of thermodynamic heating is related to
the performance. This COP depends on temperatures at the Tf
cold and Tc Hot springs.
By definition the COP is equal to the thermal energy
arriving in the housing that divides the final energy (generaly
electric) needed to produce that thermal energy. This with a performance
coefficient
COP = Tc / (Tc - Tf) = 1 /(1-Tf/Tc)
formula well known by thermodynamicians. (demonstration).
The performance curve above is the
graphic transcription of this formula.
This means that with WATER (see figure 4 below Tf = 15°C and Tc =45 °C we can
expect a COP slightly above 10
(exactly COP = 1 / [1 – (273+15)/(273+45) = 10,6
This means that with AIR during cold winter with Tf = -10°C and Tc =45
°C we can expect a COP slightly above 5
(exactly COP = 1 / [1 – (273-10)/(273+45) = 5,6
Here we measure the value
of exchanging renewable heat energy from water rather than air. This is because
during cold winter the amount of electrical energy required for heating the
home is substantially twice with air compare with water. This for the same
temperature Tc at the hot spring in the hydraulics
radiators
Figure 2 above is a summary of what you need to understand the
"Solar Water Economy" of enthalpy. By combining deep geothermal and surface
aquathermia with the circuit of Figure 3 that follows,
we can face to a COP of 8 for
building heating. This means that it is possible to perform this function by
consuming very little electrical energy. (About 1 for an amount of thermal
energy taken from the environment equal to COP -1 = 8 -1 =7
Figure 3 above shows that the increase in temperatures in the
Paris region both in terms of the water of the Seine and in the ambient air are now
more favourable than a hundred years ago to an evolution of the chains energy systems to thermodynamic
heating
It is ultimately thanks
to the high performance of aquathermal thermodynamic heating resulting from the
thermal supply of deep geothermal waters associated with that of our rivers
that we will become less gluttonous in non-energy to heat the home. The voltaic
roofs housing our buildings will not be able to deliver enough electrical
energy to perform this function. This is all the
more so since we must also consider the combined needs of the lighting of the
appliance and the family plug-in hybrid car. However, aided by solar power
plants on the outskirts of cities
everything becomes possible. This is not necessary (with exceptions) to
demolish existing buildings and rebuild them in order to meet standards as
improvements in insulation are
difficult to achieve after the fact.
Given the essential
advantages of the "Solar Water
Economy" outlined in more detail in this energy prospective, the thermal
pixies have long wondered why a country of technology like the ours has
kept the new energy chains of this "Solar
Water Economy"away for solong. This is given its many advantages in
the urban for collective heating of the habitat and individual transport based
on the small electric car. They were finally able to explain this gap only
through the oil lobbies and a belated awareness by man of the possibilities of
voltaic solar conjuced to a kind of blindness of the
political class. When they read the UN's information on this global aid of
nearly 500 billion euros to the production of petroleum products, while we are
talking about 100 milliards of assistance to the
countries that are suffering the consequences, they thought that there was
something wrong with our financiers. Wouldn't it generally be better if the
political class got together before taking decisions that generate bitter disappointments.
The high specific heat of
the water associated with the enthalpy of the material as it passes from the
gasstate to the liquid state allows to transmit important thermal flows
compatible with urbain heating. The Goblins thought that it was necessary to
explain to the executive that there is no point in producing and consuming more
fossil fuels to increase its financial margins if, as the UN Secretary-General
rightly points out, can't breathe in the city. They felt that it was also
necessary to explain to the couple formed by politics and the financier how it
is now technically possible in the medium term to meet the thermal energy needs
of urban heating and those of energy the
mechanics of individual transport in the city without the need for combustion.
This is all the more so
since in the age of global warming and its serious consequences for our
immediate future, the new energy chain proposed inthe heating of the habitat
tends by taking thermal energy from our environment not not to warm it up as
the combustion does but to cool it. What's more, to do it thanks to aquathermia with performance about twice as much as
aerothermia and especially more silently, the latter advantage being important
in the city. They believe that there is an urgent need to evolve into these new
technologies to ensure individual transport and space heating. This is by
jointly establishing infrastructure that mainly includes networks of
non-potable water pipes in buildings and the voltaic roofs housing them. This
orientation, which reconciles the social, the environmentand the economy, would
enable France to complywith its Energy Transition and Green Growth Act (LTECV) as wellas
the 17 unobjectives of the United
Nations. . This is by creating jobs, improving our living conditions and actually
participating inclimate mitigation. This is possible if we realize that the
thermal energy transmitted to cool our rivers and geothermal water where
possible is renewable thermal energy received to heatthe habitat. Urban. Doing
so by improving the current dependence of our rivers on energy and bringing
their ecosystem to life and also an important factor for the user by lowering
the price of the thermal kWh rendered in his dwelling.
We are not talking about
questioning the usefulness of our large lake dams and their great reservoir set
up, which produce most of our hydroelectric electricity. On the other hand, it
is questionable to question the usefulness of all these dams "at the endof thewater" without significant
upstream retention given the randomness of their low electricity production. We
are legitimately entitled to question the merits of turning our salmon rivers
into stairs in defiance of their ecosystème and itinerant water tourism and
then transform the small amount of electrical energy. they produce in heat with
the joule effect to heat the habitat. It seems essential for the Elves to
explain to the politician that it is stupid to develop such a noble and
expensive fluid such as electricity to turn it into heat with the joule effect given its COP of 1 and its deplorable
performances. This could be the same heat product with a COP of 8, using eight times less electricity, in several French
regions. This also means that other French regions without geothermal water
could take advantage of the presence of the river to minimize the consumption
of energy inf-only as much electric as fossil.
It also seems essential according to the thermal elves to explain to the policy
that as deplorable as the performance of the combustion and its consequences
for the air quality of our cities, the "hybrid heater"has the
advantage of to be able to generalize the use of thermodynamic heating complementary
to combustion avoiding overloading the electrical grid at the coldest of
winter. This is by freeing us from our concerns about the freezing point of
water and by significantly reducing the amount of burnt gas emitted into the
atmosphere.
Figure 4 above
shows that it is possible to provide district heating by consuming much less
final energy by combining deep geothermal and superficial aquathermia. For a
temperature at the hot spring equal to 40 degrees Celsius (313 degrees
Fahrenheit) for hydraulic heating floors and 15 degrees Celsius (288 degrees
Fahrenheit) at the cold source, the theoretical thermodynamic performance of
the hybrid boiler room is excellent COP = Tc / (Tc -Tf)
= 313 / (313 - 288) = 12.5. The reader interested in understanding how to
regulate flows on the two networks, that of the deep geothermal water network
and the superficial one in connection with the seine according to the
temperature ofthe seine canrefer to the Next file.
When the temperature of the Seine is at 10°C it is still a power close
to 0.35 kW thermal that can be made available to each Parisian given the very
high average population density of our capital and the 1200 m3/h. This power is
sufficient to satisfy the need of all and the contribution of surface aquathermias well as that of geothermal water. In winter, when the river temperature is close to
the freezing temperature of the water, no energy is taken from the river. The
thermal supply ofgeothermal water and combustion are then very useful to ensure
the need without resorting to excessive electricity consumption in the coldest
of winter. This as described in the way the hybrid boiler works.
The commune of Boulogne Billancourt in the Paris region seems particularly well suited
to a heating network.
Just over 20,000
inhabitants/km2. However, it must be taken into account that this value is
steadily increasing and that the urban density of the most populous boroughs of
Paris such as the 11th or 20th is according to INSEE close to 40,000 Inhabitants. That said, the 12th and
16th arrondissements have appropriated
the Vincennes wood and the Boulogne wood
respectively, which explains their low urban density. Considering that a
geothermal well that delets 200 m3/h of water at 50oC and pushes it back to
20oCneeds, according to the BRGM, a surface on thesurface of 2 km2 to perform this function while living on this surface,
geothermal energy , however powerful it may not meet our energy needs. And this
even if we consider the contribution of surface aquathermia which nevertheless provides half the power. The total natural thermal
power available of 1200 x 10 x 1.16 - 13,900 kW of an urban heating network
operating according to the principle of this figure is indeed a power
madeavailable to each of the inhabitants of these two limited to 0.17 kW or
over a heating period of 5000 hours some 850 kWh. This value may be close to
the need for some 800 kWh per capita of the "Mr.
Everyone's Building" respecting the
RT2012 and its 50 kWh per square metre, but we have to face the obvious, we
pushed the cap a little too far with (c)the RT 2005 autorting for the joule
effect of losses greater than that of combustion. The past mistakes of this regulation and the
lack of seriousness with which webuilt thebuildings at the time will now be a
problem for us.
As for the
capacity of the Seine, the Marne and the Oise combined to ensure the need for
Paris and its suburbs, there is nothing to worry about. The need for 1200 m3/h or 0.33 m3/s per 20,000 inhabitants
is 183 m3/s for the 11
million inhabitants who people it. Flow well below the average flow of the
Seine in Paris plus that of the marl and the Oise. The two figures below give
an idea ofFrance's energy potential
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Figure 54 The 13 French metropolises |
Figure 6 Surface and geothermal water |
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The PB of building
insulation Halving consumption by
insulation without demolishing everything will sometimes be possible, but
halving thermal losses from the average value of 250 kWh/m2 to the 50 kWh/m2
of RT 2012 is impossible especially for buildings with balconies due to
thermal bridges. This is despite the addition of exterior insulation to a
building initially insulated from the interior. The discomfort caused by the
addition of interior insulation to the ceiling of the apartments (lower
ceiling6) only solves a small part of the losses. Given the low energy gain
due to the fact that the slab is reinforced by an internal metal frame for
safety reasons means that the occupants are not in general ready to accept
it. . |
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Figure 7 |
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Given the difficulty of isolating after-the-fact
the improvement in insulation was limited to 25% in the study below which
reduces the heating need in the same proportions. |
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The house and the
apartment
Figure 8 A
two-exposure apartment on the middle floors with tier edper neighbours is subject
to significantly lower energy consumption than a detached house of the same
living space. This is for equivalent loss coefficients (see P144)and
buildings located in an equivalent temperature zone (see P278)
The observation is clear:
Parisians and
Bordeaux who are nevertheless favored because of the presence of geothermal water in their basement will
need the sun
to satisfy their thermal need. Especially if they decide to draw a line on the
oil to ensure their respiratory comfort and go in the direction of climate
mitigation. A Bordeaux remark has begun in this direction.
Average
need for energy from the French city dweller
The reader interested not these subjects can also
refer to the text relating to the building of Mr All The World and the RT2012 .He can also learn about
thecalculations below made as part of a forward-looking statement corresponding
to a low-income French CITADIN. This in the context of a study gives a better
idea of what could become of the average energy need of the French citizen.
They are effectué as part of the summer-winter and day-night intermittency of
solar energy. This without particular effort on the insulation of existing
buildings. They do not correspond to the detached home of rural areas. This is
given the significantly larger loss areas of the
individual house compared to the apartment. (See Figure 7 above)
As part of the intermittency winter of the Voltaic
1) Thermal consumption due to loss (heating)
Taking as a basis an
average loss of 240 kWh/m2 unfortunately corresponding to the existing habitat
poorly insulated (See page 280) and even if it is difficult to isolate after the
fact it is constate that with a living area average of 22 m2 per city dweller
equivalent to that of the voltaic panel we arrive at an annual need per city
dweller of 5280 kWh. That's a daily average of 15 kWh (5280/365). We also know
that
- the power useful to the shoeing is proportional
to the difference in delta T temperature between inside and outside.
- the average DT corresponding to the Paris
region taken as an example during the heating period is close to 10°C. (See DJU page 139)
Let us now observe on these bases the approximate
evolution of the per capita thermal need over the seasons
In the coldest of winter
1 month with DT of 25°C (-5°C out 20°C
in) the daily requirement of 37.5 kWh (15 - 25/10) being provided by
geothermal-assisted gas. It is in fact the hybrid boiler room that ensures the
need for heating in the coldest of winter without electricity consumption onthegrid. This is in order to relieve the latter in
proportions that are far from negligible. See P 482
In winter
2 months with 20°C DT (0°C out 20°C in) the
daily requirement of 30 kWh (15 - 20/10) being provided mainly by geothermal -
the river with possibly a small gas input the thermal flows of combustion and
heating thermodynamics added upin the hybrid boiler room. This given the
connection of the CAP condenser on the radiator return circuit (See P 346)
Mid-season
6 months with 5°C DT (15°C out 20°C in) the
daily need of 7.5 kWh (15 - 5/10) thermal being provided only by electricity
without gas input thanks to thermodynamic heating assisted by geothermal and
river (see P 568)
In summer
For 3 months the heating is shut down as well as
the geothermal pumps (See P 570). The need for thermal energy is limited to the
supply of sanitary hot water, i.e. 50 litres/day 330-50 - 16.5 m3/year. That's
50 kWh/m3 50- 16.5 - 825 kWh.
With an installed capacity of the ENR supplement
roughly equal to half of the power used in the coldest of winter, the CAP
allows the hot water balloon to be loaded with energy at night in less than 3
hours (See P 404 ).
During the day it is
probably not unthinkable to design the circuit Condensation - relaxation - evaporation of the heat-equelating
pompe so that it provides air conditioning for the accommodation at the hottest
times of the day. This by adding a 4-way valve on this circuit as indicated (page 580) so that the functions of
the condenser and heat pump evaporator are inverted sending cold and not hot to
the building.
AUDIT on
the year
- 1 month 30.5 days at 37.5 kWh: 1125 kWh combustion
- 2 months from 30.5 days at 30 kWh: 2130 kWh
required average power 0.31 kW
- 6 months from 30.5 days at 7.5 kWh: 1372 kWh
Total need heating 4627 kWh including 3,502 kWh by
heat pump
2) Thermal consumption due to hot sanitary water
Since it takes 1.16 kWh to raise 1m3 of water from
1°C, it takes 2.9 kWh to get 50 litres of hot water at 60°C (from cold water at
10°C). For the collective with the hot water loop this can double with the
losses in lines. We end up with a need per 5.8 kWh/day
3) Electric consumption of the hybrid car.
The average route of the Francilien in IDF with its
individual car is less than 10 km. If we
take for safety as a base 20 km/day in inhabited area we arrive at a daily
consumption limited to 3 kWh given the consumption often retained by
manufacturers of electric cars of 0.150 kWh per
km travelled. Unlike the heating of the habitat mentioned below, the need for energy
is noticeably constant in winter and summer. This with a daily winter solar
production corresponding to the need and excess in mid-season and summer.
4) Satisfaction of need throughsolar production
Given the sunshine in
France, the annual basic electricity production of voltaic solar panels is
close to 100 kWh/m2. This means that 25m2 of properly oriented voltaic panels
produce at least 2500 kWh annually with an average daily production of just
under 7 kWh (2500/365).
The table below summarizes the situation
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Needth ermic watt.hours/day |
Solar electric supply |
Useful surface voltaic panels |
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heating apartment |
Minimum |
7,500(July) |
833(December) |
The increase in voltaic production in summer is
substantially equal to the lack in winter. It accounts for about 27% of the
total energy need. Store it a few months 6 would be sufficient to need
heating without outside input. See page 614 |
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Maximum |
37,500(December) |
5,190(July) |
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medium |
About 10,000 |
The average electrical
need with a COP of 5 is 10,000/5 or 2,000
watt hours per day. |
This for an average production of around |
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Maximum/mini ratio |
5 |
6 |
This ratio would be
lower with solar thermal panels |
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Hot sanitary water |
constant |
365 days at 5,800 watt.hours per day |
The average electric need with
a COP of 5 is 5,800/6 or |
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Plug-in hybrid car |
constant |
3,000 (except months of
zero elective consumerization) |
3 000 |
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Average total |
23 800 |
6 160 |
Useful surface voltaic panels 6160/274 - 22.5 sqm |
These results are
extremely encouraging because the COP acquired efficient district heating
networks drawing its energy from its close environment such as the one
described in the SWE has still seen its COP greater than 6 a significant
potential (see P 556)
A welcome reserve to meet
the complementary needs of lighting and electrical engineering.
As for daily electricity
production in summer and mid-season, it is again important to encourage
self-consumption to reduce the amount of energy to be stored. The voltaic
production increase in summer canit usefully be used to make hydrogen See P 614 or recharge THE STEP. It
accounts for about 27% of the total energy need. Storageit for a few monthswould be enough to heat the
heating need of the current poorly insulated dwellings without outside input
other than solar
As part of the day-night intermittency
Because of the fact that
- the high thermal time constant of the system
formed by the building and itsheating when the walls and floors are made of
concrete (See P 156 as well as the previous
2 pages for understanding)
- the ability of water to store during the day and
grate enoughenergy in the sun for the daily need in ECS,
The day night intermittency of solar electricity is a false
problem and will not be an obstacle to the development of the Solar Water Economy of enthalpy. This is because itimprovesthrough the hybrid boiler room a mode of operation in which most of the
useful thermal energy comes from water. And this is that the hybrid boiler is
in combustion mode or enR mode.
CPCUG
network's ability to provide mid-season need
Given its surface area (2
km2) and the urban density of Paris and its near periphery, a geothermal
doublet associated with a generalized urban heating network (G) as described on
page 552 of the book "The Solar Water Economy with the
river" can deliver about 14,000 kW in mid-season when the Seine is at 10oC. Given the available ground space
of 50 m2 per city dweller, each of the 40,000 city dwellers (2,000,000/50)
powered by this CPCUG network can receive a thermal power of 14,000/40,000-0.35
kW corresponding to adaily
thermal energyof 8.4 slightly higher than the need for 8 kWh. It is true, however, that
with a COP of 6 the thermal need of 8 kWh is met by taking in environment 6, 67
kWh since the 1.33 kWh useful for the operation of the compressor heat pump
increases the power delivered by this
Last. However, we observe that nature's ability to meet our needs is there, but
the surplus is not very large. If the surlevation existing buildings were to
grow in the city further reducing the area available on the ground for all of
us, thermodynamic heating with exchange on the air could come to our rescue.
despite its drawbacks. See P 87 . However, we could not
generalize it since in summer and in air conditioning mode this energy chain
still increases the temperature already well high in our cities.
5) Sizing voltaic power plants
It is observed from the
above estimates that in order to satisfy its energy needs without the use of
nuclear power, every city dweller must have a solar panel surface close to 25
m2. Either a surfathis corresponds to the average living area it has. We may be
able to equip some roof terraces, but we have to realize that this will not be
enough and that it will be necessary at a minimum in the current state of
technology to build voltaic power plants allowing each citizen to have 20 m2 of
panels. If we consider the figure opposite and the 8 million Parisians living
in Paris intramural and its near periphery it is some 160 km2 (16,000 ha) of
terrain that will have to be made available to satisfy the need of every
Parisian. The city of Bordeaux with its 26-hectare voltaic power plant and
250,000 inhabitants has travelled only a small part of the road that separates it from energy autonomy
6) Respect for ecosystems
Readers interested in
these concepts can refer to the following file
Reading it all of us
should understand that the river's active dependence onenergy is not the right
one especially if the electrical energy produced by dams that affects the river
ecosystem is used as a supplement heating in the home of the cold-cold man.
With the "Solar
Water Economy of enthalpy" exchanging on water the rivers will come back
to life. This is in view of the fact that the two ecosystems used jointly to
supply non-potable water to buildings under the SWE, namely that formed by the deep captive water table
containing
geothermal hot water and that formed by water the river's surface cold are only
slightly altered in relation to the ecological and human catastrophe of
hydroelectric dams. This by the waythat there is no physical exchange with
mixture as happens with sanitary hot water but only a thermal exchange. This
thermal exchange is obtained in a countercurrent plate exchanger in
low-pressure circuits withno risk. The purpose of this circuit is:
- to increase the
temperature at the cold source of thermodynamic heating by 5oC to improve its
performance
- to increase the temperature drop in the heat pump evaporator in order to
reduce the flow in the ENP network and reduce its cost.
- to double the power
that can be taken from the environment in mid-season when the river is at 10oC.
This is because the power taken from geothermal water is added tothe power
taken from the river.
7) Economy
The relative share that
will be taken by each of the two main electricity generation streams, nuclear
and voltaic, is expected to be mainly the result of two factors.
- on the one hand their imprint on the environment
- on the other hand the
truth of the costs of electrical energy returned to the user
The truth
of the costs for nuclear power is to include in the sale price of electricity
the following costs:
1) the stockpilingof
radioactive waste,
2) the dismantling of power plants at the end of
their life in order to restore nature to the same way by avoiding France's
garbage
3) the one relating to the construction of the new
reactors by examining the ratio of energy produced to grey energy
4) the costs involved in maintaining their
maintenance.
The truth
of the costs for the voltaic will be to include
- posts 2) 3) and 4) above
- to add to the selling price of electricity
resulting from 2) 3) and 4) the cost of storage and destocking to solve the
winter-summer intermittency of voltaic electricity.
A table attempting to establish this comparison is being
prepared
Regarding
the nuclear power: the
cost of dismantling a reactor would be less
than 1/2 billion euros according to EDF. Bure recycling is impossible
They are high because of safety which explains the selling price of the
nuclear-sourced electric kWh.
The raportgrey energy/ energy produced is most certainly bad
On the voltaic:
The recycling of voltaic panels is possible, which is not the case for nuclear
power plants
The cost of storing/destocking electrical energy (4 to 20 cts per kWh
according to Mr Percebois)depending
on whether it is the cost of STEP or hydrogen with water hydrolysis and the battery fuels the storage of electricity with batteries being
currently more expensive 0.30 euros/kWh
The grey energy/energy share produced
The cost price of the electric kWh of voltaic origin
The search for the truth is
complex, but it is only after carrying out this comparison of these respective
costs free from the lobbiesthat it will be clearer about the relative share
that will be taken by each of these two production systems.
8) The move to action?
Led by the UN, the OECD,
and its people, Paris, which aims to be theeader of the energy transition
following the Paris climate conference at the end of 2015, to shape the Energy
Transition and Green Growth Act(LTECV )
It is now about to
establish a new text as part of the multi-year energy programming
In addition to this work,
European directives on energy efficiency have taken place. The text of these
guidelines 2018/844/EU is availableto the official newspaper of 9 July 2018
(Link). It proves for the most part that Europe is realising that we will have
to act and renovate the European housing stock, but unfortunately without
specifying that they will be the main outlines of this action. It only specifies
that the aim will be to accelerate the rate of renovation of buildings through
the introduction of more efficient systems and the introduction of more
"smart" buildings. This without specifying how.
It leaves in the practice
the owner who will find himself by the force of the things at the origin of the investment imagine and propose
the directions that will meet our energy needs by using chains
higher-performing energy companies than they
currently use.
The directive also refers
to the "obligation" for member states to establish long-term
strategies for energy retrofits of buildings for residential or non-residential
use.
This is with the
ambitious target of reducing building emissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to
1990 but without specifying the nature of the strategy that should be used to
achieve this. This is by proposingto check the roadmap in 2030 and 2040. The
executive body controls the finished work somehow.
The text that evokes a
RENTABLE renovation of the buildings nevertheless makes a good forward on paper
although this aspect of the shockshas already been evoked during the
environmental grenelle. See P 548
|
In any event, it is clear that nothing will be
done without a climate of confidence to understand that this profitability
and the initial investments must be distributed equitably between the two
parties concerned financial expense: - 1 From the hybrid boiler system associated with
the hot spring by the syndicate of co-owners with account management
by the trustee. This is by encouraging the owner to invest with a socially
oriented tax policy. (VoirP597-598to understand whether the
previous state ace is gas or joule effect). The concept of compliance with a
performance contract is beginning to be put in place to help the owner get an
idea of the financial arrangement of the transaction. - 2 From the non-potable water supply network of
buildings by the state in collaboration with the municipalities. For reasons of
fairness and in order to simplify the accounting aspect, the network // as
defined in Figure 3 above would be preferentially retained to the serial
network as represented at P 558. In favour of Mrs Mitterrand,
the distribution of non-potable water would be considered free and the
subject of a public service mission (See the Foresight on the4th Industrial
Revolution P 306). The maintenance costs of this
network would initially be borne by the state and charged to condominiums in
proportion to the number of lots. The quality and nature of the materials
usedfor these pipes would be left to the discretion of an independent
ASN-type body. See appendix sizing assistance |
|
After a long torpor that could be likened to that
of the frog of Al Gore, Nicolas Hulot duringhis tenure and more recently our
new Minister of Ecology with the heat pump at 1 degrees have just realized all the the
benefits of thermodynamic heating. See also the image opposite. We'll see
howyou see theseannouncements. This, given that the fundamental reason for
Nicolas Hulot's resignation is the analysis made by the executive seems to be
the financial analysis of the executive which initially granted aid to the
ENRlimited to 10 billion euros. A sum most likely insufficient to pay for the
infrastructure. This while the savings on primary energy purchases are about
5 times higher with the hybrid boiler room. (See to convince the P550 and 608) |
|
|
Important nota A heat pump with a modest COP of 3 this is an invoice reduced by 70% . This while with the CPCUG network at 15°C of the type // of Figure 4 above it is a COP of 6 insured as shown in Figure 1 and a heating score still twice as low. It is known that the
heating station is the heaviest in condominiums (P358). Homo sapiens is not asking the state to pay for the heating of the
French! but to think about the infrastructure that will one day have to be
put in place to ensure the supply of non-potable water to buildings. This
allows the implementation of performance contracts related to the
yellow coal of the
river combined with that of geothermal water. The syndicate of co-owners could, when the
basement of the buildings lends itself to the hybrid boiler room, finance a
particularly compact ENR supplement installed near the boilers. See yellow
rectangle P346.This is with a regulation supplement to ensure the operation of the CAP
in boiler relief. This orientation by improving the purchasing power to the
best of our environment could be a solution tosoothe the "yellow vests" and the current social conflicts. To understand this see P73. Our leaders finally perceive that it is possible
with thermodynamic heating to reduce the consumption of final energy without
harming the economy of the country. This having the advantage by lowering the
heating loads to improve the purchasing power as well as
the social climat
This through insulation and heating to 1 . In order to get to the end of these developments,
we can only take into account the improvement in performance induced by the
CPCUG networks at15oC of the type // . This is all
the more so because of this rapid urbanization, the vast majority of our
citizens will live in the city in the short term. |
|
One might think that each
party can find its account but the texts give no idea of the method to be used
to obtain this result.
See about it the proposal for
incentive renewable energy that is
made in the book "The Solar Water Economy with the River”. In any
case, the fact that this directive is asked to take into account the use of
electric vehicles is in itself a salutary awareness for the air of our cities.
Some will say that France at the forefront with the gust, the TGV, the space
shuttles, the airbus and the overpowering turbines can
not be better everywhere. It is a pity, however, for our lungs and our
end-of-months that a strong impulse from the executive still does not encourage
French manufacturers to develop hybrid systems. What it isfrom the boiler room
or the individual car of Mr everyone
As for the fact that
these guidelines recommend taking into account the key moments in the life of
the building we note that the building mentioned in the book on the "Solar
Water Economy" and objet of the "practical case" is 50 years
since it was built in 1968. What is the strength of age in some way for homo
sapiens could be considered the very first youth for this concrete building
with a life expectancy spanning several generations. On closer inspection, it
is clear that this is not the case and that its miles of steel pipes are rather
the advanced age of your servant.
In any event, this should
not be a further drag on the energy transition. Given the urgency of taking
action and moving on to concrete things, it is time to consider that reflection
is about to be last to us. To reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, the
current trend of increasing their prices should be the right one. This is
provided that the increase is gradual and slower than it is now and that it is
compensated for social reasons by a decrease in the selling price of
electricity to theconsumer. This
reduction in the price of electricity should logically be made possible by the
abandonment of nuclear power and the arrival of solar energy much simpler with
regard to the implementation and eventual recycling of end-of-life panels. I
also make it clear that by balancing the prices of
electric and combustion kWh, the owner is financially encouraged to take the step towards the ENRs.
As for the financing of
the infrastructure needed to set up the "Solar Water Economy with the
River" network, which consists
mainly of geothermal works, pumping plants composed of a set of varied flow
pumps and plate exchanges as well as piping networks, it is time to realize
that for equity reasons the internal combustion engine and the building cannot
be the only cash cows in the energy transition. The aircraft, by the Timeof a
tax on kerosene currently non-existent,
must also participate in this transition in relation to the financing of this infrastructure. We must also realize that this
transition, which will combine the installation of solar power plants and that
of pipe networks, can only be done slowly. This is not because of the mid-time
of low solar power plants compared
to nuclear power plants, but because of the decisions that will have to be made
for the location of the pumping plants, as well as for the design // or as well
as the route of the network of
non-potable
water pipes (passing collectors into existing sewers or drilling deeper links).
These choices should also include the calculation of the diameter of the pipes
that make up the network, the nature of the materials used to exudesteel (an
essential parameter for durability). All of this will also take the time that
will be necessary for the regions and municipalities to make their funding
plans and realize that their interest is to act in this direction. With theconstruction
of offices and housing that will finally take place on Seguin Island, the municipality of
Boulogne Billancourt could with a first doublet SP1 show the example of what could
be a generalization of urban heating in the city.
Notas
The above calculations
from 1) to 5) are made with average
values located at mid-distance between the poor person who owns only a
conventional bike for his travels and lives in a small studio of 12 m2, and the
rich who owns an all-electric Tesla car with 250 hp or two and lives in a
400-square-metre suite. What is important to note is that rich or poor, we are
on the same ship. A ship adrift by the fact that every
city dweller living in the Paris region does not have any surfingace only 50 m2
on the ground to get around the city. This is given the urban density of 20,000
inhabitants per sq km.
According to Engie and in
2008, 1 kWc of solar panels delivering about 900 kWh annually in good
conditions cost 4,000 euros or roughly 444 euros/m2. Today, CAD 10 years later the prices would be
divided by 3 amounting to about 150 euros/m2.
A price 50% higher than
that of Cestas set below:
The voltaic power plant
in Cestas de Bordeaux, which produces300 GWh anopens, cost 300 million euros.
Since 300 GWh is 300,000,000 kWh, it produces 1 kWh per year for 1 euro
invested initially. With a user-price d'is 0.1 per kWh, it is depreciated in 10
years. This with a lifespan that can be estimated at 20 years. A production of
300,000,000 kWh at a rate of 100 kWh/m2 is an area of solar panels equal to 3,000,000 m2 (300 ha) or
100 euros/m2. The investment for a Parisian wishing to have his energy autonomy
thanks to the sun with 22 m2 of voltaic panels is therefore 2200 euros. Significantly what he spends annually on
gasoline by travelling 20,000 km a year.
But if metropolitan France tends
like all the countries of the world to clump together in the region(see P 64), it is also one of the
least populated countries in Europe. With an area of
550,000 km2 for 66 million French, 8300 square meters of land are available for
each ofus. This with a ground hold of solar panels located on the outskirts of
large metropolises which represents only 0.3% leaving nature the opportunity to
express itself freely on the remaining 99.7%. This is even even taking
advantage of the fact that the sun
and water can go hand in hand to help the agricultural world protect itself
from the elements in the event of a delicate crop. For example,
collecting rainwater for automatic watering and growing under solar panels.
B) The "Solar Water Economy" and the hydrogen
engine
The "Solar
Water Economy" is also the fuel
cell that can produce
both electricity and thermal energy.A French
application of this second energy chainSWEtotally
different from the thermodynamic heating based on the enthalpy that has just
been mentioned is the gigantic catamaran Energy observe
who will leave for 6 years to make his whole of the world during 2017 by
ensuring theenergy needs of the crew without fossil fuel input. This is based
on an energy chain that mainly uses the electricity generated by its 130 m2 of
solar panels to produce hydrogen by catalysising seawater afterdesalinating it.
The purpose of this hydrogen-oxygen separation from water (H2O) is to use
hydrogen as fuel for the catamaran's engine when the wind is lacking. The fuel cell also provides hot sanitary water for the needs of the crew.
|
The world's first fleet of hydrogen taxis named Hype was launched during the
signing of the Paris Climate Agreements by the Paris Electric Taxi Company
(STEP) an abbreviation that has nothing to do
with the storage of Grandmaison style electricpower.
Two years later, the fleet consists of 75 vehicles. These
hydrogen taxi cars built by Toyota and Korean manufacturer Hyundai recharge in 3
to 5 minutes and have a range of more than 500 km. This by not emitting any
local pollutants (NOx,..),
no CO2, no noise, only ... water!. The
company aims to target 200 vehicles by the end of 2018 and 600 by the end of
2020. Oxygen breath for Hype: two hydrogen
distribution stations will
be built in the coming months at Roissy and Orly airports by liquid air.
|
|
|
At first, however, it is likely that two
technologies will develop in parallel for electric cars: the plug-in hybrid car and the hydrogen car.The availability of rare components such as lithium
needed to make batteries useful forplug-in hybrid carshouldn't be a brake and should make the strongone of countries like Bolivia. Oneguesses touse the one that could well
prevail in the longrun. Whatever happens we will have to ignore the nostalgia that could
invade us by looking at the past and the prestigious achievements with
explosion engines such as that of Bugatti in Alsace. |
|
|
The orientation towards
hydrogen and the fuel cell seems to be a valid orientation for stationary and
habitat heating. This is to compensate for the winter-summer intermittency of
the solar and the randomness of the electricity provided by the wind
turbines. To the extent that it generates both electricity and heat the fuel
cell could help ensure the energy needs of our cities in winter. The
performance of the hydrogen engine would thus be improved by the fact that
40% of the energy contained in the hydrogen dissipatedsemble in heat would not be lost as is the case when the
hydrogen engine is used for transport. The fuel cell when used in a
stationary for home heating would further improve the already excellent performance of the "Solar Water
Economy of enthalpy".As far as home heating is concerned Ademe perhaps should not validate the combustion by making sure
not to link too much with a gas supplier particular. This is especially so if
the focus is on mixing hydrogen with natural gas full-time. |
|
C) The
complementarity of hydrogen and enthalpy
The "Solar WATER Economy of enthalpy" is a modern and efficient energy chain that should make it possible to generalize urban heating
in the city without resorting to nuclear power by taking care of the problem
intermittency summer-winter of the Voltaic. It will not be able to do it on its
own, but it seems possible if it is assisted by the "Solar WATER Economy of Hydrogen". The reason for this success could be primarily the improved performance of thermodynamics when
the exchanges are on the water rather than on the air as shown in Figure 1 above). The reason for moving in this direction is
motivated by the fact that dueto the temperatures
at the source of cold water higher this chain is abouttwice as efficient
as the "Solar Air Economy of
enthalpy". Indeed, it is observed on
this figure that the performance of the "Solar Water Economy of enthalpy" improves at
nocountment when the temperature of the water at the entrance of the evaporator
increases. This increase in temperature at the cold source can be ensured by
the deep geothermal energy of captive mats and plate temperature exchangers
asshown in Figure 3) above. But that
said, given the very important thermal exchange capabilities of this type of
interchange (see page 100 of the nextfile) it could also be assured using the heatgenerated by the
battery fuel associated with the "Solar
WATER Economy of Hydrogen".
As we see, water
occupies a central position and may well play an essential role in the heating
of the habitat due to the improvement inthe performance of thermodynamics
resulting from an increase in temperature at the cold source. This is the main
reason why this fluid, whether salty or not, should
be on track to win in front of the air to ensure the need associated with providing heat in the habitat.
But there are other completereasonsthat are
also important to explain this future victory of water over air. This is
particularly true if we observe that the supply of air conditioning delivered
by the thermodynamic air cap in both summer and winter can have serious consequences on our thermal future if it
were to occur to generalize. Many organizations condemn above all the fact that
in summer, the thermodynamic air air device that pulses fresh air
into the dwellings mainly receivesits thermal energy
byheating even more the already warm ambient air outside the buildings, which
in practice aggravates global warming in the city. It must also be noted that
in addition to the reproaches she makes the objand in summer her behavior in
winter is also not immune from any reproach. This is because if the ambient air
is at -5°C it can be air at -15oC coming out of the evaporator with two adverse
effects: on the one hand the effect of cooling the ambient air
around the buildings and increasing its thermal losses and on the other hand,
the effect of limiting the performance coefficient (COP).
The fact that the "Solar WATER Economy of enthalpy" greatly
limits air pollution in cities by avoiding
the overheating in summer caused by the "Solar
AIR Economy of enthalpy" is one reason which makes it in man's best
interest to seriously address these subjects which are of extreme importance to his becoming energizing.
Regarding the
intermittency of renewable energies, we must realize the obvious: although we
can count on wind energy since the wind blows a little at night and also rely
on hydraulic STEPS like that of Grandmaison for Compensating for the day-night
intermittency of the voltaic, we will need larger storage devices to solve the
problem of storage of electrical energy at the summer-winter intermittency
scale of voltaic solar. It comes outof this that the two energy chains that can
come to the rescue of wind, STEP and voltaic solar given their randomness are
1 The direct chain "Voltaic - battery - electric motor" for transport
2 The "Solar WATER Economy of hydrogen"
for stationary and heating of the habitat. An
energy chain that could also be written
"Voltaic
water electrolysis - compression - hydrogen fuel cell - electric motor -
heat"
The reasons that could
promote hydrogen and water electrolysis are:
-
for direct chain 1 the fact that the
storage potential of electrical energy per unit of hydrogen mass (33 kWh/kg) is
almost 3 times greater than gasoline celui (12 kWh/kg). This aspect of things
is especially interesting for mobility without being decisive for the
stationary.
-
The Lower Calorific Power of Hydrogen close
to 120,000 kilojoule/kg (3600 kilojoules in a kWh) thati should make the
storage of energy in large quantities acceptable. This can help with the storage of useful
electrical energy in the "Solar Water Economy of enthalpy" due to the potential for storage of electrical energy by significant
mass of hydrogen. The fuel cell generating both electrical current and heat, it
will also be necessary when comparing these two energy chains 1 and 2) take
into account that the latter can be used to raise the temperature at the cold source of "Solar Water Economy of enthalpy"
to improve its performance. One could thus assist the deep geothermal energy of
the captive slicks which, as we now know and despite the silence of the BRGM,
is limitedin power and does not allow quantitatively to
generalize urban heating in our metropolises despite the thermal potential of
the river and its free water table.
However, the characteristics of this fluid, whether in the gasorous or liquid state, which
is, it must be recognized, must be more difficult to stoker than oil.
Given the serious
consequences of global warming and air pollution in cities, we should have already, given the urgency
of taking action, to develop more applications related to the Solar Water Economy enthalpy." This is
because it reduces the release of burnt gasinto the atmosphere andsignificantly limits the amount of fossil
products imported into Europe. It will become urgent to launch investments
financing the infrastructure associated with this energy chain
(mainlypipelines) as well as research. Research that should probably focus on
improving channel 2 performance associated with water electrolysis. This
especially upstream of this chain since it is only about 20% of the area ground
energythat reaches the earth that is currentlyconverted
into electrical energy with voltaic
Applications
1 As part of
the direct chain "Voltaic - battery
- electric engine" a giant battery composed of 80 modules of 3.6 tons each built by the firm NGK-Locke was established in
Texas in the small town of Presidio. This 4 MW sodium battery is capable of running
for 8 hours (32,000 kWh 288,000 kg 9kg per kWh)
In a joint production
combining the "Voltaic" electric motor and the "Solar WATER Economy of Hydrogen" direct chain, the hydrogen company France (HDF Energy) has announced a
major innovation. Namely the launch of anelectric
power stockpile calledCEOG that could revolutionize the energy sector and open
a new energy era. This is because this CEOG includes a 55 MW photovoltaic fleet
and has the largest mixedstorage system for
renewable electricity in theworld. Mixed by the fact that the device
capable of storing 140 MWh combines hydrogen and additional storage by
batteries. The CEOG investment of 90 million euros, carried by HDF and the
banks, meets a critical need for energy
production and storage that will generate reliable energy for 20 years at a
lower cost than the current one, without subsidies. The 140 MWh electric
voltaic energy produced annually upstream of this CEOG by this Guyanese
terraincorresponds to an improvement of some 40% compared to the average
performance on the hexagon. This is given the 140 kWh
issued annually per sq m by this 100 ha plot (equivalent to one million m2)
while it is on average only100 on the hexagon. The storage capacity of
these 2 chains 1) and 2) combined would be excellent and able to take into
account the 140,000 kWh generated by the voltaic for a
total amount of 90 million euros. It remains to be
seen what is theelectricity and heat that this system can restore from
hydrogen made by electrolysis. Failing to answer this question the figure on
page 612 "highlights
that significantly 70% of the need outside industry and agriculture can be met
by self-consumption. It is therefore necessary that the storage device be able
to meet the remaining 30% close to an individual electricity requirement of
1300 kWh. On this basis, a considerable and close individual expenditure
of 800,000 euros per individual (90,000,000/140,000) x 1300) is required. An
expenditure that would be increased by the amount of thesub-ucturesof the "Solar
WATER Economy of enthalpy" and which could only be financed by
taxation on petroleum products while there is still time. This is true knowing
that as Barenton said confectioner that the investment of depart is to be done
only once while the use is every year.
The Incas
were right to say that the sun is our master. It only needs water to meet most
of our energy needs. This is by taking advantage of its specific heat or the
hydrogen it contains. It remains to convince the political class that an energy
transition can only benefit from these orientations.The spokesman for the Thermal Elves tried to convince Batiactu
and Goodplanet
the merits of the
latter. It would seem through what is happening at the Montparnasse Tower in the 14th arrondissement of Paris that he has not managed to convince. It's a shame.
Appendix
(assistance in sizing the
non-potable water supply network of buildings)
|
Maximum flow from the non-potable water system pumping station 1200 m3/h |
|
Conclusion
The thermal elves
hope that this will not frustrate the executive to observe that the main reason
for the deployment of solar renewable solar energy of photovoltaic origin is more related to their low cost multi-year energy programming or a
decision by the head of state.This explains why solar energy would see
its production increase fivefold by 2030, while it would only triple by that
time. for wind power.
|
It is indeed necessary, as Nicolas
Hulot has proposed, to change scale but not by choosing among
theso-called free energies that can be used by man, which is at the bottom of
the list in order of decreasing importance of
potentiality.. Even if the walking factor is improved with this gigantic Wind turbine General Electric-
Alsthom we can only regret in the long
term to have decided to enlarge the wind turbine beyond reasonable. Putting solar and wind in the same basket
to compare the prices of the electric kWh returned to the user in different
European countries is not to serve 'the
one who pays'. |
|
Thermal elves also
observe that it is probably illusory to hope to design in a few years a new
concept of a more economical and safer nuclear power plant (See Batiactu). The US that tried with
thorium and molten salts failed and nuclear fusion with ITER is not for tomorrow.
They are convinced that research on the storage and self-consumption of
electrical energy will instead be needed. This is in order to consume
electrical energy more intelligently for heating and avoid the always.Thermal elves are in solidarity
with the « Yellow jackets." Only of
course with non-breakers. They feel that to get out of the mess we have
gradually sunk into, we will have to reduce the painful end of the month. To do
this we will have to consider that homo sapiens, the client, is most often "the customer who pays".
Our president has
come out of his reserve to follow up on the "Yellow Jackets"
movement. Not long ago his government considered nuclear power to be a
"low-energyenergy". In this case the thermal elves would like to know
why it is sold to the citizen 3 times the price of fossil energy gas for
heating the habitat. This is contrary to the social aspect since many citizens
in need, heated by a collective gas type boiler, complain of temperatures too
low and currently have no other solution to heat themselves than to use an
electric radiator heating supplement with a COP of 1. This with a price of kWh
thermic at 15 cts instead of 5 cts and, aggravating factor, overloading the
electricity grid at the coldest of winter. While waiting for a balance in the
selling prices of electricity and gas at 10 cts, the hybrid boiler
unfortunately emerges from this bad step since it heats the habitat with the coldest gas of winter. What's
more by leaving electricity for the needs of the plug-in hybrid car. We must
salute the courage of the president of ADEME who explains in the newspaperLe
Figaro of 11 December 2018 about our energy transition that according to a
study by his agency, the relaunch of a nuclear program, Including EPR, is not
necessary to replace existing power plants. This is based on the view that this
is not only a climate advance but a gain for the household portfolio since the
price of the electricity kWh of
electricity produced with this scenario would be close to 90 euros per MWh (9 cts ofIt's not going kWh). This study estimates that in less than half a
century by 2050, almost all of the
electricity generated in France will be "green" electricity
sufficient to meet the need. It also states that by engaging now in this
scenario, we will be able to envisage our
nuclear-free future when the current fleet of nuclear power plants turns 60,
that is, tomorrow. Asked whether the intermittency of green electricity could
be a hindrance to this scenario, his answer is clear: NO. This is despite the
addition of the Multi-Year Energy
Programming (MEP). There is an urgent need
to change the current energy chains using non-renewable
energy, if only to take into account the fact that they are not inexhaustible.
It remains to be hoped to avoid the worst, that everything will be done to
ensure that the ADEME scenario takes place. The Secretary General of the OCDE
has already spoken in 2017 in his
journal Observer No 311Q3 regarding our immediate future: "We are now facing an expected moment that requires the
establishment of our foundations. A decisive moment that will require remedies
rather than palliatives. This is in the context of bold and innovative actions
that together create a just and prosperous future for all.". Europe which
is currently well behind as interest in being part of those who show the
example of what to do.
|
Oil |
Gas |
Coal |
Atom |
Renewable |
Addiction |
|
|
Germany |
35 |
22 |
24 |
11 |
9 |
60,9
% |
|
Belgium |
41 |
25 |
7 |
20 |
4 |
79,5% |
|
Denmark |
41 |
21 |
20 |
18 |
22,3% |
|
|
Spain |
48 |
25 |
10 |
11 |
8 |
81,4% |
|
Finland |
30 |
11 |
14 |
16 |
25 |
55% |
|
France |
33 |
15 |
5 |
41 |
7 |
51,2% |
|
Hungary |
27 |
39 |
11 |
14 |
6 |
63,7% |
|
Italy |
43 |
38 |
9 |
8 |
85,4% |
|
|
Netherlands |
42 |
42 |
10 |
1 |
4 |
34,6% |
|
Poland |
26 |
13 |
56 |
6 |
30,4% |
|
|
Portugal |
52 |
17 |
10 |
18 |
83% |
|
|
Czechoslovakia |
22 |
16 |
44 |
15 |
5 |
27,6% |
|
United Kingdom |
36 |
39 |
16 |
6 |
3 |
26,1% |
|
Sweden |
29 |
2 |
5 |
33 |
32 |
38% |
|
UE27 |
36 |
24 |
17 |
13 |
8 |
54,8% |
Energy balance of
the main European countries
(expressed as % of primary energy consumption)
source Eurostat 2010
the right column indicates the degree of dependence
in% of the country concerned
Jean Grossmann
alias Balendard september
2019
See the following figures or hit in Google the two
words
balendard batiactu or balendard hulot to get an idea of
the continuity of motivations that
drives the signatory